Cloning and sequencing of the RBDV isolates – Several methods were tried to clone and sequence the RBDV directly from the Rubus materials but the results were sporadic. Therefore, isolates were transferred to C. quinoa prior to cloning and sequencing. Total RNA was extracted from infected plants and used as template for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to prepare DNA for cloning. The DNA was cloned into a suitable plasmid and sequenced. The coat protein and movement protein genes of each of the 13 isolates have been sequenced. The sequences were compared to the published sequences for the corresponding genes from the RB (resistance breaking), D (type) and M (black raspberry) strains of the virus. All 12 isolates sequenced from Oregon were identical at the protein level with the exception of one amino acid change in one isolate. There were several nucleotide changes that did not affect the amino acid sequence. The M strain only differed from the Oregon isolates by one amino acid. This isolate was originally collected in Oregon in the late 1960’s and has been maintained at the Scottish Crops Research Institute in Invergowrie Scotland since that time. The Oregon isolates differed from the European isolates by 3-5 amino acid changes. The isolate from China differed at 23 amino acid positions when compared to the Oregon isolates (Table 1). We have prepared monoclonal antibodies to the type and resistance breaking isolates in the past and these antibodies were not able to differentiate between the different European or North American isolate. One monoclonal antibody (RBDV-D1) did not recognize the China isolate but did recognize each of the other isolates in the study.